The “Great Game” describes British and Russian rivalry for influence and control in Central Asia during the period from the mid 19th until the early 20th century.
Much has been written about this period, most notably by Peter Hopkirk in his classic The Great Game, first published in 1990 by John Murray, London. Hopkirk’s bibliography is accessible on https://kutuphane.tbmm.gov.tr:8088/2001/200106086.pdf. Surprisingly, and perhaps illegally, the full text of the revised 2006 edition can be accessed on hhttps://erenow.com/common/thegreatgamepeterhopkirk/1.html.
I have updated my own chapter on the Great Game from the Odyssey book; it can be dowloaded here. I disagree with some of the emphasis in Hopkirk’s book, notably in my conclusions in the following extracts:
1. “The Game was indeed one of high stakes: the players came into close territorial contact and friction was inevitable. The accounts of the main protagonists – and some histories of the period – suggest that this was a fraught and tense period in relations between the two Empires, during which, despite external courteous and ‘gentlemanly’ behaviour, ruthless intrigue was threatening peace and stability and that war was only narrowly avoided – the blame for which was generally attributed to the other side of the border from that on which the observer was standing.
A dispassionate look at the official record of diplomatic intercourse between the two Powers, however, shows that, during the whole period, each behaved according to fairly clear and consistent rules. Formal and informal contacts were intense and business-like and each was truly concerned to minimise flashpoints. As a consequence, there was never any real danger that their respective inroads in Central Asia would lead to armed conflict between them. The drama lay more in the contest between the ‘peace’ and ‘war’ factions within each country than in relations between the central governments themselves. In the British case, the determination of policy was complicated by differences of perception and judgement – sometimes extreme – between the government in London and the administration in Calcutta/Simla, as well as by some vociferous sections of Parliament and public opinion, fed by a jingoistic press.” (page 5)
2. “The Great Game was a story of personalities, of whom the most visible were the men on the spot. Seen against the wider canvas of British-Russian relations in the latter part of the 19th century, however, their influence on events was marginal: their actions were the pin-pricks on the edge of empire, frequently provoking temporary flare-ups of tension but rarely achieving any fundamental change of direction. Several of the players were considered by their political superiors as loose cannons and were frequently the object of their wrath – and sometimes even disavowed publicly, as was the darling of the British public, Younghusband, for his appalling massacre of Tibetans in 1904. Their flamboyance and the daring of their adventures has tended to obscure the actions (often out of the public gaze) of their political and military masters at the centre of power, whose decisions determined the outcome of the Game.” (page 7)
3. “Few political leaders in Britain (and certainly not all in India) really believed that Russia would be foolish enough to attempt an invasion of India, or that, if she did, she stood any chance of success. This judgement was based, in addition to political assessments, at least in part on the major logistical problems of such an invasion.” (page 13)
4. “The outcome of the incidents described shows that, despite public protest and the clamour of many of the players of the ‘Great Game’, cooler heads in both Britain and Russia were at pains to avoid war and to settle their differences by agreement. Both governments appreciated the contribution made by the other to the pacification of their respective frontier regions and recognised what they considered to be the “civilising” influence each brought to bear in regions inhabited mainly by nomads and ‘unruly tribes’. Towards the end of the century, both were concerned by the rise of Germany and foresaw a need to settle their differences with a view to a future alliance.” (page 32)
5. “Both Empires exercised considerable restraint in their relations during the period 1828-1907, when their rivalry was at its height. In the end, “the claims of Afghanistan and Badakhshan … reflected, in reality, the interests of Calcutta and Tashkent, tempered only by the expediency of getting their respective protégés reconciled to the bargain that would be struck.” (Chakravarty, pp. 69-70.) Both managed generally to keep their primary objectives clearly in view, although, on balance, the Russians were more consistent in their policies. That the results of their joint negotiations, the Pamir frontiers, stand today is a tribute to the wise counsels that prevailed in their mutual relations.” (page 35)
6. “If there was a ‘game’, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the Russians played it rather better than their competitor. In logistics they were far ahead of the British: by 1898, the Russians had already completed a railway line from the Caspian to Tashkent and Andijan, with a southern branch to Ashgabad (“at the rate of from a mile to a mile and a half in a day”), while the India Council was still arguing about an extension of the railway to the Afghan frontier; it was not until the British realised that Hunza and Chitral were threatened that they started planning improved communications with these distant regions.
The Russians were more successful (and ruthless) in subduing the native population and better able to consolidate their territorial gains than the British with their hybrid system of alliances, financial inducements, threats, arms supply and shows of pageantry.” (pages 35-36 )
[See also the section “Historical Photos” here.]
Another classic work is A.V. Postnikov’s book Сxватка на «Крыше Мире» – Политики, разведчики и географы в бо рьбе за Памир в XIX веке; (Struggle on the “Roof of the World”: Politicians, spies and geographers in the contest for the Pamir in the XIX century), Moscow 2005, ISBN 5-7905-3465-1.
An interesting list of related documentary resources on the Great Game available from IDC Publishers in the Netherlands can be found here.
Dr. Postnikov’s comprehensive bibliography is divided into two parts:
a) Russian language publications and
b) other languages (principally English, but some French, German and Polish).
The latter is given below with the kind permission of the author N.B. I have added a few relevant and more recent publications.
Abrégé de Géographie Moderne… par S.F. Lacroix, géographie ancienne par J.R. Barbié du Bocage… (Paris, 1811).
Abbott, Capt. James, Narrative of a Journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow and St Petersburg, during the late Russian invasion of Khiva 2 Vols. (London, 1843). /3rd Ed. (London, 1884).
Abdurrahman, Amir of Afghanistan. The life of Abdurrahman, Amir of Afghanistan, (London, 1900)
Aberigh-Mackay G.R., Notes on Western Turkistan (Calcutta, 1875)
Adami V., National Frontiers in Relation to International Law Translated by T.T. Behrens, Humphrey Milford (London, 1927).
Adye J.M., Indian Frontier Policy: An Historical Sketch (London, 1897).
Ahmad N.D., The survival of Afghanistan – two imperial giants held at bay in the nineteenth century (Lahore, Pakistan People’s Publishing House, 1973)
Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston, Lord Lawrence and the reconstruction of India under the Crown (Oxford, 1897).
Aitchison, Sir Charles Umpherston, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. 4th edn (Calcutta, 1909)
Akiner S., Islamic People of the Soviet Union (London, 1986)
Akiner S., Tajikistan: Disintegration or Reconciliation? (London, 2001)
Albertus I., Die Englisch-Russische Frage und die Deutsche Kolonialpolitik, (Innsbruck Druck und Verlag von Felician Rauch, 1885).
Alder C.J., “British India’s northern frontier, 1865-1985 A study in Imperial Policy”. Imperial Studies no. 25, Royal Commonwealth Society. (London: Longmans, 1963).
Alder C.J., “Britain and the defence of India – the origins of the problem, 1798-1815”. Journal of Asian History. 6/1. (1972): 14-44.
Alder C.J., Beyond Bokhara – The Life of William Moorcroft (London, 1985)
Alder L., Dalby R., The Dervish of Windsor Castle. The Life of Arminius Vambéry (London, 1979).
Alexander M., The True Blue. The Life and Adventures of Colonel Fred Burnaby, 1842-1885 (London, 1957).
Allan J. (Ed.)., Cambridge Shorter History of India, (London, 1934).
Allan J.J., “The strategic principles of Lord Lytton’s Afghan policy”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Lucknow, 1886).
Ali Mahfuz, The Truth about Russia and England. From a Native’s Point of View. (Lucknow, 1886).
Allworth E. (Ed),. Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. A Historical Overview. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994).
d’Alviella Count U., Les Anglais, les Russes, et les Chinois sur le Toit du Monde. (Brussels, 1894).
Ameer Ali, “England and Russia in Afghanistan”. Nineteenth Century. 57. (1905): 777-786.
Ancel J., Géographie des frontières. (Paris, 1938).
Andree N.P., India and her neighbours, (London: Allen & Cie, 1878).
Andrew G.F., The Crescent in North-West China. (London, n.d.).
Andrew Sir W.P., Our scientific Frontier. (London. 1880).
“An Indian Army Officer”, Russia’s March towards India. 2 vols. (London, 1894).
“An Old Indian”, Russia Versus India. Or observations on the present political relations of England with the East. (London, 1838).
Anon., Invasions of India from Central Asia. (London, 1879).
Anon., Russia’s Next Move Towards India. (London, 1885).
An Tai Sung, The Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1973).
Anwar Khan M., England, Russia and Central Asia: a study in diplomacy, 1857-1878. (Peshawar, 1963).
Argyll George Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of, The Eastern Question. 2 vols. (London. 1879).
Atkinson E.R.T. (Ed.), Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North–Western Provinces of India. 14 vols. (Allahabad, 1874-1886).
Atkinson L., Recollections of Tartar Steppes and Their Inhabitants. (London. 1863).
Atkinson T.W., Oriental and Western Siberia: A narrative of Seven Years Explorations and Adventures in Siberia, Mongolia, the Kirghis steppes, Chinese Tartary, and Part of Central Asia. (London, 1858).
Atkinson T.W., Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor and the Russian Acquisitions on the Confines of India and China. (New York: Harper. 1860).
Bacon E.E., Central Asians under Russian Rule, a Study in Culture Change. (Ithaca/London. 1980).
Badakhshi Shah Abdullah, “Les langues du Pamir”, Afghanistan, (July-September 1953.
Baddeley J.F., Russia, Mongolia, China, Being some Record of the Relations between them from the XVIIth Century to the Death of the Tzar Alexei Mikhailovich AD. 1602-1676, rendered mainly in the form of Narratives dictated or Written by the Envoys sent by the Russian Tzars or their Voevodas in Siberia to the Kalmuk and Mongol Khans and Princes; and to the Emperors of China with Introductions, Historical and Geographical. Also A series of Maps showing the progress of Geographical knowledge in regard the XVIth, XVIIth and early XVIIIth Centuries, the texts taken more especially from Manuscripts in the Moscow Foreign Office Archives…. 2 vol. (London: Macmillan and Co.. 1919).
Baddeley J.F., Russia in the Eighties. (London, 1921).
Bailey Lt-Col. F.M., Mission to Tashkent. (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002)
Baksh Faiz, Translation of a report on Badakhshan. Balkh and Bokhara. (Selections from the records of the Government of the Panjab – Confidential Series, no. AVI, 1873).
Baksh F., Translation of a report on Eastern Turkistan. (Selections from the records of the Government of the Panjab – Confidential Series, no. A VI, 1872).
Baksh F., Journey from Peshawar to Kashgar and Yarkand. etc. (Selections from the records of the Government of the Panjab – Confidential Series, no. A VI, 1873).
Baksh F., Report on Yarkand. (Selections from the records of the Government of the Panjab -Confidential Series, no. AX. 1880).
Baksh F., Report on Chatral. (Selections from the records of the Government of the Panjab -Confidential Series, no. AX, 1883).
Baksh Faiz, “Journey from Peshawar to Kashgar and Yarkand in Eastern Turkestan, or Little Bokharia, through Afghanistan, Balkh, Badakshan, Wakhan, Pamir and Sarikol. Undertaken by F.B. in connection with the Mission of T D. Forsyth, C.B., during 1870”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XLII. (1872): 448-473.
Balfour E.E. Countess of, The history of Lord Lytton’s Indian administration, 1878-1880. (London, 1899).
Barfield Th., The Perilous Frontier. Nomadic Empires and China. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
Bartlett E.A., Shall England Keep India? (London, 1886).
Bassin, N.I., “The Russian Geographical Society, the ‘Amur Epoch’, and the Great Siberian Expedition 1855-1863”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 72. 2. (1983): 240-256.
Baxter W.E., England and Russia in Asia. (London, 1885).
Becker S., Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia, Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924, (Cambridge. Mass., 1968).
Becker S., “The Russian Conquest of Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Motives, Methods. Consequences”. In: Central Asia: its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects, ed. Hafeez Malik.( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994).
Beal Rev.S., Travels of Fah Hian and Sung Yun. (London, 1869).
Beal Rev.S., Life of H.T. (London, 1888).
Beal Rev.S., Si-yu-ki. 2 vol. (London, 1890).
Belenitsky A., The Ancient Civilization of Central Asia, transl. J. Hogarth, (London. 1969).
Bell Col. M.S., Afghanistan as a Theatre of Operations and as a Defence to India. (Calcutta, 1885).
Bell Col. M.S., China: Reconnaissance Journey through the Central and Western Provinces.., to Ladakh and India. Confidential, 2 vols. (Calcutta, 1888).
Bell Maj. Evans, The Oxus and the Indus. (London, 1869).
Bellew Dr. H.W., Afghanistan and the Afghans. (London. 1878).
Bellew Dr. H.W., Journal of a political mission to Afghanistan in 1857, under major (now Colonel) Lunsden; with an account of the country and people. (London, 1862).
Bellew Dr. H.W., Kashmir and Kashgar: A narrative of the Journey of the Embassy to Kashgar in /873-74. (London. 1875).
Bellew Dr. H.W., Report of a Mission to Yarkand in 1873 under Command of Sir T.D. Forsyth (Calcutta, 1875).
Bellew Dr. H.W., North-West Frontier and Afghanistan. (Lahore. 1879).
Bellew Dr. H.W., Afghanistan and the Afghans: being a brief review of the history of the country and account of its people. with a special reference to the present crisis and war with Amir Shir Ali Khan, (London: Sampson Low Maiston. 1879).
Bellew Dr. H.W., The Races of Afghanistan. (Calcutta. 1880).
Belyavsky C., Affairs in Turkistan. [1884], transl. WO Intelligence Branch. (London. 1886).
Beveridge N.J., The Russian advance. (New York: London, 1904).
Biddulph Maj. John, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. (Calcutta: Office of the superintendent of government printing, 1880).
Bilgrami A.H., Afghanistan and British India. 1793-1907: a study in foreign relations, (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1972).
Bilof E., “China in Imperial Russian Military Planning. 1881-1887” Military Affairs. Vol.45. No. 2. (1982): 69-75.
Black C.E.D., A Memoir of the Indian Surveys 1875-1890. (London 1891).
Blacker L.V.S., On Secret Patrol in High Asia. (London, 1922).
Blanc E., “La Question du Pamir’. Revue des Deux Mondes, Dec. 1893.
Blanc E., “La Colonisation russe en Asie centrale”. Annales de géographie. 3, (1893-94): 346-370 and 467-488.
Blanc E., “La Colonisation et la mise en valeur de la Sibérie et de la steppe asiatique”. Annales de géographie. 25. (1916): 124-142.
Boggs S.W., International Boundaries. (New York. 1940).
Bonvalot G., En Asie Centrale, de Moscou en Bactriane. (Paris, 1884).
Bonvalot G., Du Caucase aux Indes à travers le Pamir (Paris, 1889).
Bonvalot G., Through the Heart of Asia: Over the Pamir to India. Tr. into English by C.B. Pitman. Vols. 2. (London, 1889).
Bosworth-Smith R., Life of Lord Lawrence. 2 Vols. (London. 1885).
Boulger D.C., The Life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar. By Demetrius Charles Boulger, member of the Royal Asiatic Society (London. 1878). Map: Eastern Turkestan and its Neighbours Showing Trade Routes through Yakoob Beg’s Dominions.
Boulger D.C., England and Russia in Central Asia. Vols. 2. (London: W.H. Allen, 1879),
Boulger D.C., Central Asian Portraits. (London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1880). Kraus Reprint (Nehdeln/Liechtenstein, 1978).
Boulger D.C., Central Asian questions. Essays on Afghanistan, China and Central Asia (London, 1885).
Boulger D.C., The Life of Sir Halliday Macartney. (London, 1908).
Bower Captain H., “A Trip to Turkistan”. Geographical Journal, Vol. V, (1895): 240.
Bower Captain H., Confidential Report of a Journey in Chinese Turkistan 1889-90. (Calcutta, 1891).
Bower Captain Hamilton, Diary of a Journey across Tibet. (Calcutta, 1893); (London, 1894).
Broomball M., Islam in China. (London, 1910).
Bruce R.I., The forward policy and its results – or thirty five years work amongst the tribes on our North- West frontier of India, (London: Longmans, 1900),
Brunnhofer H., “Russlands Hand über Asien”. Historische-Geographische Essays zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des russischen Reichsgedankens, (St Petersburg, 1897).
Buddhist Records of the Western World. Vol. 1 (London, 1890): p. XI and XXIII-LXXIII.
Burnaby F., Travels and adventures in Central Asia: A Ride to Khiva. (London, 1877); reprinted by Bhavana Books & Prints in 1996.
Burnes Sir A., Travels into Bokhara, a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia in 1831-33. 3 vols. 2nd ed. (London, 1835).
Burnes Sir Alexander, Leech R., Lord P.B. and Wood J. Report and Papers, Political, Geographical and Commercial, submitted to the Government. (Calcutta, 1839).
Burnes Sir Alexander, Cabool. Being a Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in, that City in the Years 1836, 7 and 8. (London, 1842).
Burrows M., The history of the foreign policy of Great Britain. (Edinburgh-London. 1895),
Burslem Capt. R., A Peep into Toorkistan. (London, 1846).
Bury J.B., History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, (London, 1931).
Cahen U., “Les cartes de Sibérie au XVIII siècle” Nouvelles Archives des missions scientifiques et militaires: choix de rapports et instructions. Nouvelle série, Fascicule I. (Paris, 1911).
The Cambridge history of British foreign policy, 1783-1919. Vols. I-III. (Cambridge, 1922-1923).
Campbell Sir George (Duke of Argyll), The Afghan question from 1841 to 1878. (London: Strahan, 1878).
Campbell Sir George (Duke of Argyll), The Afghan frontier (London, 1879).
Campbell Sir George (Duke of Argyll), Memoirs of my Indian Career. 2 vols. (London, 1893).
Capus G., Le Toit du Monde. (Paris, 1890).
Capus G., “Observations et Notes Météorologiques sur l’Asie Centrale et les Pamirs” Bulletin de la Société Géographique de Paris. (1892): 316.
Capur A.Ch., “Disraeli’s forward policy on the north-west of India, 1874-1877”. The research bulletin (acts) of the University of the Panjab. No. 4. (Panjab, 1951). “Catagan et Badakshân. Description du pays d’après l’inspection d’un ministre afghan en 1922 par Mawlawi Rorhân al-din Khân Koshkaki” traduit par M. Reut. T. I-III. Centre National de la recherche scientifique, Travaux de l’Institut d’études Iraniennes de l’Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, 10/1-3 (Paris. 1979).
Cecil Lady Gwendolen, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury. 4 vols. (London, 1921-1932).
Cheng Tien-fong, A History of Sino-Soviet Relations. (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1957)
Cheshire H.T., “The Expansion of Imperial Russia to the Indian Border”. Slavonic Review. XIII. (1934-1935): 96.
Chakravarty S., From Khyber to Oxus. A Study of Imperial Expansion. (Delhi, 1976).
Chang L.T., China’s Boundary Treaties and the Frontier Disputes. (London: Oceana Publications. 1982).
Chavda V.K., India, Britain, Russia. A Study in British Opinion, 1838-1878. (Delhi, 1967).
Ch’eng Fa-jen, A geographical study of Sino-Russian border. [In Chinese] (Taipei, 1969).
Ch’eng Fa-jen, Chung o kuo-chieh t’u-k’ao [Studies in Sino-Russian National Boundaries], enlarged ed. (Taipei: Tibetan and Mongolian Affairs Commission, 1970).
“China and Russia Complete Border Demarcation”, OMRI Daily Digest. Vol.1. No. 202. (October 17, 1995).
Chohan A.S., The Gilgit Agency, 1877-1935. (Delhi, n.d. [1980s]).
Chou Nailine J., Frontier Studies and Changing Frontier Administration in Late Ch’ing China: The Case of Sinkiang. 1759-1911. Ph.D. Diss. Univ. Wash., 1976.
Chu, Wen-Djang, “The Moslem Rebellion in Northwest China 1862-1878” Central Asian Studies. No. 5. (Mounton, The Hague – Paris, 1966).
Clinch Elizabeth and Nicholas, Through a Land of Extremes: The Littledales of Central Asia. (Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2008).
Clubb O.E., China and Russia: The “Great Game”. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971).
Cobbold R.P., Innermost Asia, travel and sport in the Pamirs. (London, 1900).
Coen T.C., The Indian Political Service. (London. 1971).
Colquhoun A.R., Russia against India: the struggle for Asia. (London and New York: Harper. 1900).
Colquhoun J., Essay on the Formation of an Intelligence Department for India. (London. 1874).
Conolly A., Journey to the North of India. Overland from England. Through Russia, Persia and Afghanistan. 2 vols. (London, 1834).
Costin W.C., Great Britain and China (1833-l860). (Oxford, 1937).
Cotton S., The Central Asian Question. (Dublin, 1878).
Creel G., Russia’s Race for Asia. (New York, 1949).
Cumberland C.B., Sport on the Pamirs and Turkistan Steppes. (London, 1895).
Curzon G.N., Frontiers. (Oxford, 1907).
Curzon Hon. George Nathaniel, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question. (London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1889; reprinted Cass, 1967).
Curzon G.N., “The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus”. Geographical Journal 8 (1896): 97-119, 239-63.
Curzon G.N., The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. (London, 1897).
Dabbs J., History of the Discovery and Exploration of Chinese Turkestan (The Hague. 1963).
Dacosta J., A Scientific Frontier (London, 1891).
Dallin D.J., The Rise of Russia in Asia. (Yale University Press, 1949).
“Das Pamir Plateau und die abgrenzenden Theile des Himalaya, Thian-Schan, Hindu–Kusch etc. Übersicht von D. Forsyth’s Expedition nach Kaschgar, 1874…” Pet. Mitt., Ergänzungsheft, 52. Vol. XI. 1876-1877. (Gotha. 1877).
David Maj. C., Is A Russian Invasion of India Feasible? (London. 1877).
Davidson-Houston J.K., Russia and China: From the Huns to Mao Tse-tung. (London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1960)
Davies C.C., The Problem of the North-West Frontier; 1890-1908. With a Survey of Policy since 1849. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932
Davies R.H., Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-Western Boundary of British India. 2 vols. (Lahore, 1862).
Davis H.W.C., “The Great Game in Asia, 1800-1844”. (Raleigh Lecture on history. Read November 16, 1926.) Proceedings of the British Academy. (London. 1926): 227-256.
Day A.J. (Ed.), Border and Territorial Disputes. Keesing’s Reference Publication. (Detroit: Gale Research, 1982).
Dekhnewala A., The Great Russian Invasion of India. (London, 1879).
Deniker J., “Les explorations russes en Asie Centrale (1871-1895)”. Annales de Géographie (1897): 408.
Deplar H., The Discoverers: an encyclopaedia of explorers and exploration. (London, 1980).
Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford, 1921).
Duke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Wilkinson S. Imperial Defence (London, 1892).
“The Disputed Area of the Pamirs”. Beijing Review. Vol. 24. No 37. (1981): 21-23.
Dmytryshyn, B. A., History of Russia. (Rutgers; New Jersey, 1977).
Doolin D.J. (Ed.), Territorial Claims in the Sino-Soviet Conflict. Hoover Institution Studies. No. 7. (Stanford, 1965).
Down with the New Tsars! Soviet Revisionists’ Anti-China Atrocities on the Heilung and Wusuli Rivers (Beijing, 1969).
Druhe D., Russo-Indian Relations, 1466-1917 (New York, 1970).
Dughlat Mirza Mahammad, Prince of Kashgar, “A Prince of Kashgar on the Geography of Eastern Turkistan” Ed. by R.B. Shaw. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLVI. (1876): 277-298.
Dughlat Mirza Mahammad, Prince of Kashgar, Tarikh-i-Rashidi. Edited with Notes by Ney Elias. (London. 1894).
Dunmore, Charles Adolphus Murray, 7th Earl of, “Journeying in the Pamirs and Central Asia”. Geographical Journal Vol. II. (1893): 385.
Dunmore, Charles Adolphus Murray, 7th Earl of, The Pamirs. A Narrative of a Year’s Expedition on horseback and on foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary, and Russian Central Asia. 2 Vols. (London, 1893). Reprinted in 1996 by Bhavana Books & Prints, New Delhi.
Durand, Col. Algernon G.R., The Making of a Frontier. Five Years’ Experience and Adventures in Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar, Chitral and the Eastern Hindu Kush (London, 1899).
Durand, Sir Henry Marion, The First Afghan War and its causes (London: Longmans, Green, 1879)
Durand, Sir Henry Mortimer, The Amir Abdur Rahman Khan (London, 1907).
Edwardes M., Playing the Great Game. A Victorian Cold War (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1975).
Edwards H.S., Russian Projects against India, from Czar Peter to General Skobeleff. (London: Remington, 1885).
Elias N., Confidential Report of a Mission to Chinese Turkistan and Badakhshan in 1885/6 (Calcutta, 1886).
Elias N., (Ed.) The Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammed Haidar, Daghlát. English version translated by E.D. Ross and edited by N. Elias. (London, 1895). Re-issued as A History of Moghuls of Central Asia (London, 1897). (Reprinted with Introduction by D. Sinor, 1972).
Etherton P.T., Across the Roof of the World. (London, 1911).
Etherton P.T., In the Heart of Asia. (London, 1925)
Evans Col. George de Lacy, The Designs of Russia (London, 1828)
Evans Col. George de Lacy, On the Practicability of an Invasion of British India. (London, 1839).
Eyre Lt. Vincent, The Military Operations at Cabul, which ended in the Retreat and Destruction of the British Army, January 1842 (London, 1843).
Fairbank J.K., China’s Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective (New York, 1969).
Fairbank J.K., Kwang-chung L. (Ed.), The Cambridge History of China Vol. 11. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978)
Fairbank J K. (Ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge/Mass. 1968).
Fedchenko A.P., “Geographical Notes on the Basins of the Oxus and the Zarafshan”. Geographical Magazine 1. (1874): 46.
Ferrier J.B., Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Beloochistan. (London, 1856).
Fisher, F., Afghanistan and the Central Asian question. (London: James Clarke, 1878).
Fleming P., Bayonets to Lhasa (London, 1974).
Fleming P., Bayonets to Lhasa. The First Full Account of the British Invasion of the Tibet in 1904. (London, 1986).
Fleszar M., “Przedmowa”. In: Grabczewski B. Podrózepo Azji ´srodkowej (Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1958): 9-16.
Fletcher J., “China and the Central Asia, 1368-1884”. In: The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations / Ed. Fairbanks J. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968): 206-224.
Florinsky M., Russia: A History and an Interpretation. (New York, 1947).
Forbes A.G., The Empire and Cities of Asia. (London, [1873]).
Forbes A.G., The Afghan Wars, 1839-1842 and 1878-1880. (London: Seeley, 1892).
Forsyth Sir T.D., Memorandum on Trade with Central Asia. (Calcutta, 1870)
Forsyth Sir T.D., Report of a Mission to Yarkand in 1873. (Calcutta, 1875).
Forsyth E. (Ed), Autobiography and Reminiscences of Sir Douglas Forsyth. (London. 1887).
Fraser-Tytler W.K., Afghanistan A Study of political developments in Central Asia (London; Oxford, 1950).
Frechtling L.E., “Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Eastern Turkestan, 1863-1881”. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 26 Pt. 3 (July 1939): 471-489.
French P., Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer (London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994).
Morgan B. Delmar, F.R.G.S. (Trans), From Kuldja across the Tian-Shan to Lob-Nor by Col N Prejevalsky with Intr. by Sir T. Douglas Forsyth (London, 1878); Map: Central Asia Showing Prjevalsky’s journey in 1877 (London, a.o. [1879]).
Fredericks P.G., The Sepoy and the Cossak (London, 1972).
Fuchs W., Der Jesuiten Atlas der Kanghsi Zeit (Peking, 1947).
Gardner B., The East India Company (London, 1971).
Garver J.W., “The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute in the Pamir Mountains Region”, The China Quarterly No 85 (March 1981). 107-118.
Geiger W., Die Pamir-Gebiete (Vienna, 1887).
Gerard Sir M.G. et al., Report of the Proceedings of the Pamirs Boundary Commission 1896 (Calcutta, 1897).
Gerard Sir M.G., Leaves from the diaries of a soldier and sportsman etc. (London, 1903)
Geyer, Dietrich, Russian Imperialism. The Integration of Domestic and Foreign Policy, 1860-1914 (New Haven, Conn, 1987).
Ghani A., “Amir Sher Ali Khan”, Afghanistan 16/1. (1961): 35-56.
Gheyn J. Van de, Le Plateau de Pamir (Brussels, 1883)
Ghose D.K., England and Afghanistan (Calcutta, 1960).
Giles H.A., Records of the Buddhistic Kingdoms. (Oxford, 1886).
Gillard D., The Struggle for Asia, 1828-1914 (London, 1977).
Ginsburgs G., “The End of Sino-Russian Territorial Disputes”, Journal of East Asian Affairs Vol. 7 No 1 (winter/spring 1993): 261-320
Ginsburgs G., “Recent History of the Territorial Question in Central Asia”, Central Asia Monitor No 2-4. (1992-1993).
Ginsburgs G., Pinkele C.F. The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute 1949-1964 (New York, 1978).
Gleason J.H., The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain. A Study in the Interaction of Policy and Opinion (New York, 1972).
Goblet d’Alviella C., Les Anglais, les Russes et les Chinois sur le toit du Monde (Brussels, 1894).
Goez B., Travels of Benedict Goez in Vol. VIII: Pinkerton J. (Ed.), A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels Vol. I-XVII, (London, 1811).
Goldschmidt F.J., “Russia and the Afghan frontier”, Contemporary Review 47. (1885): 473-484.
Goldsmid F., Central Asia and its Question. (London, 1873).
Gooch G.P., Ward A.W., Cambridge history of British foreign policy. Vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1939).
Gopal S., The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon 1880-1884 (Oxford, 1953).
Gopal S., British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (Cambridge, 1965).
Gordon Sir T.E., The Roof of the World being the narrative of a journey over the high plateau of Tibet to Russian frontier. (London, Edinburgh; 1876)
Gordon Sir T.E., “The Watershed of Central Asia, East and West”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XLVI, (1876): 381-396.
Gordon Sir T.E., A Varied Life A Record of Military and Civil Service, of Sport and of Travel in India, Central Asia and Persia, 1849-1902 (London, 1906).
Grabczewski B., Kaszgaria Kraj i ludzie (Warszawa, 1924).
Grabczewski B., Przez Pamiry i Hindukusz do ‘zródel rzeki Indus (Warszawa, 1925).
Grabczewski B., W pustyniach Raskemu i Tibetu (Warszawa, 1925).
Grabczewski B., Na sluzbie rosyjskiej (Warszawa, 1926).
Grabczewski B., Podróze po Azji ‘srodkowej. (Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1958).
Gray C., Garrett H., European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785-1849 (Lahore, 1929).
Greaves R.L., Persia and the Defence of India, 1884-1892. A study in the foreign policy of the third marquis of Salisbury (Athlone Press, London, 1959)
Green Col. Sir H., The Defence of the North-West Frontier of India, with Reference to the Advance of Russia in Central Asia. (London, 1873).
Gregorian V., The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, (USA: Stanford Press, 1969).
Grodekov N.L., Colonel Grodekoff’s Ride from Samarcand to Herat in 1878. Translated by Charles Marvin. (London, 1880).
Grousset R., L’Empire des Steppes (Paris, 1939).
Grousset R., The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire (London, 1952).
Grousset R., The Empire of the Steppes – A History of Central Asia (Translated from the French by Naomi Walford). (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
Grover Capt. J., An Appeal to the British Nation on Behalf of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly, Now in Captivity in Bokhara. (London, 1843).
Grover Capt. J., The Bokhara Victims (London, 1845).
Grover Capt. J., The Ameer of Bokhara and Lord Aberdeen. (London, 1845).
Grulef M., The Rivalry of Russia and England in Central Asia (St. Petersburg, 1909).
Guedalla P., Palmerston (London, 1927).
Habberton W., Anglo-Russian relations concerning Afghanistan, 1837-1907 [Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. Vol. 21, No. 4]. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, 1937).
Hall L., A brief Guide to Sources for the Study of Afghanistan in the India Office Records. (London, 1981).
Hambly G. et al., Central Asia (London, 1969)
Hanna Col. H.B., Can Russia Invade India? (London, 1895).
Hanna Col. H.B., India’s Scientific Frontier Where is it? What is it? (London, 1895).
Hanna Col. H.B., Backwards or Forwards? (London, [1895]).
Hanna Col. H.B., The Second Afghan War, 1878-79-80, Its Causes, Its Conduct, and Its Consequences. Vol. 3 (London: Archibald Constable, 1899-1910).
Harrison J.A., The Founding of the Russian Empire in Asia and America. (Miami, USA, 1971).
Havelock Sir H., Narrative of the War in Afghanistan in 1848 and 1839 Vol. 2. (London, 1840)
Hayes R.S., Unmasterly Inactivity in Central Asia. (London, 1873).
Haymerle Alois Ritter von, Ultima Thule. England und Russland in Central-Asien (Vienna, 1885).
Hayward G., “Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River”. Read Dec. 13, 1869. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XL, (1871).
Hayward G., ““Letters from Mr G.W. Hayward on his Explorations in Gilgit and Yassin” Read Nov. 15, 1870. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1872).
Hearse, Major (Ed.), “Mr. Moorcroft’s Journey to Balkh and Bokhara”, Asiatic Journal, XVIII, (1835). Pt. 1, P. 106, 171, 208.
Heathcote T.A., The Afghan Wars 1839-1919 (London, 1980).
Hedin S., Through Asia 2 vols. (London, 1898).
Hedin S., Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia, 1899-1902. 8 vols. (London, 1904-8)
Hedin S., Transhimalaya, 3 vols. (London, 1909-12).
Hellwald F. von, The Russians in Central Asia Translated by T. Wirgman. (London, 1874).
Hensman H., The Afghan war of 1878-80, being a complete narrative of the capture of Cabul, the siege of Sherpur, the battle of Ahmed Khel, the brilliant march to Candahar, and the defeat of Ayub Khan, with the operations on the Helmund, and the settlement with Abdur Rahman Khan. (London: W H. Allen, 1881).
Henvey F., Confidential Historical Review of Correspondence relating to Affairs in Central Asia 1872-1875 (Simla, 1875).
Heumann Capt., Les Russes et les Anglais dans l’Asie Centrale (Paris, 1885).
Hill N.L., Claims to Territory in the International Law and Relations (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1945).
Holdich Sir T.H., Through Central Asia (New Delhi: Bhavana Books & Prints, 1996) (First Published 1901 in London as Indian Borderland, 1880-1900) – contains an account of the work of the Pamirs Boundary Commission.
Holdich Sir T.H., The Gates of India, Being a Historical Narrative (London, 1910)
Holdich Sir T.H., “Pamirs”. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 655-657. 11th ed. Vol. 19 (New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911).
Holdich Sir T.H., Political Frontiers and Boundary Making (London, 1916).
Holdsworth M., Turkestan in the 19th Century A Brief History of the Khanates of Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva (Oxford, 1959).
Hopkirk P., The Great Game: On Secret Service in high Asia (London, 1990)
Hopkirk P., Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Race for Lhasa (London, 1982)
Hsu I., The Ili Crisis. A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy 1871-1881 (Oxford, 1965)
Hue F., Les Russes et les Anglais dans l’Afghanistan (Paris, 1885).
Humboldt A., Asie centrale T. 2. (1843).
Hunczak T. (Ed.), Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution (New Brunswick, N.J, 1974)
Hunter Sir W.W., A Life of the Earl of Mayo, 2 vols.,(London, 1875).
Hunter Sir W.W. (Ed.), Essays on the External Policy of India (J.W.S. Wyllie, London, 1875).
Hunter Sir W.W., A History of British India Vol. 2. (London, 1899)
Hutchinson A.H., The Next Battlefield (London, 1871).
Hutton J., Central Asia From the Aryan to the Cossack (London, 1875)
Ibrahim K., “Rout of I.K from Kashmir through Yassin to Yarkand in 1870”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XV. (1870-1871): 387-392
Ingle H.N., Nesselrode and the Russian Rapprochement with Britain, 1836-1844 (Berkeley, USA, 1976).
Ingram E., The Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828-1834 (London, 1979).
Ingram E., Commitment to Empire. Prophesies of the Great Game in Asia, 1797-1800 (Oxford, 1981).
“Itinerary of Abdul Mejid”. Records of the Government of India Foreign Department. Selection from No. XXXIX. (Calcutta, 1863)
Jackson W.A.D., Russo-Chinese Borderlands: Zone of Peaceful Contact or Potential Conflict? (New York, 1962).
Jafar S.M. (comp.), A Guide to the Archives of the Central Record Office of the North-West Frontier Province (Peshawar, 1948)
Jelavich C., Jelavich B. (eds.), Russia in the East 1876-80 (Leiden, 1959).
Jelavich B. A., Century of Russian Foreign Policy, 1814-1914 (Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott, 1964).
Jelavich B., St. Petersburg and Moscow. Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy. 1814-1974: (Bloomington, Indiana University Press. 1974).
Jerningham H.E., Russia’s Warnings. Collected from Official Papers. (London, 1885)
Kakar M.H.K., “Shighnan and Roshan in the 19th Century” Afghanistan, 31/1. (1978): 43-46.
Kalmykow A.D., Memoirs of a Russian Diplomat. Outpost of the Empire, 1893-1917 (New Haven. USA, 1971).
Kao T.T., The Chinese Frontiers. (Aurora, IL: Chinese Scholarly Publishing, 1980).
Kaushik D., “British Designs in Central Asia in the nineteenth century” Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress. 29, (1967): 233.
Kaye Sir J.W., History of the War in Afghanistan. 3 vols. (London, 1851-1857).
Kaye Sir J.W., Lives of Indian Officers. Vol. 2. (London, 1867). /2nd Ed. 1904/.
“Kazakhstan Signs Pact with China”. International Herald Tribune. (April 27. 1994): 2.
Kazemzadeh F., Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914. (New Haven. USA. 1968).
Keay J., When Men and Mountains Meet. (London, 1977).
Keay J., The Gilgit Game. (London, 1979).
Kemp P.M., Bharat – Rus. An Introduction to Indo-Russian contacts and travels from medieval times to the October Revolution. (Delhi, 1958).
Kennedy A.L., Salisbury. 1830-1903: Portrait of a Statesman. (London, 1953).
Kessler M.M., Ivan Viktorovich Vitkevich, 1806-39. A Tsarist Agent in Central Asia. (Washington, USA. 1960).
Khalfin N., “British expansion in Central Asia in the thirties and forties of the nineteenth century”. transl. Central Asian Review. 6. (1958): 386.
Khalfin N.A., Soviet Historiography on the Development of the Afghan State in the XVIII-XX Centuries. (Moscow, 1960).
Khalfin N.A., Russia’s Policy in Central Asia, 1857-63. (Condensed and translated from the 1960 Moscow edn.) (London, 1964).
Khan Mir Mahommed (Ed. and transl.), The life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan. Vol. 2. (London. John Murray, 1900).
Khanikoff N. de, Mémoire sur la partie méridionale de l’Asie Centrale. (Paris, 1861).
Khanikoff N. de, Bokhara: its Ameer and its People. Transl. (London, 1875).
Khanikoff N. de, Memoir on the Southern Part of Central Asia. Transl. (Calcutta, 1883).
Kim Ho-dong, The Muslim Rebellion and the Kashgar Emirate in Chinese Central Asia. 1864-1877. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University. 1986.
Kipling R., Kim. (London. 1901).
Knight E.F., Where Three Empires Meet. (London, 1903).
Kostenko L.F., The Turkistan Region. Transl. Vol. 3. (Simla, 1882).
Krader L., Peoples of Central Asia. (The Hague: Mouton, 1963).
Krahmer G., Russland in Mittel-Asien. (Leipzig, 1898).
Krausse A., Russians in Asia, A record and a study, 1558-1899. (London: Grant Richards; New York: Henry Holt, 1899).
Kruchinin A., Olgin V., Territorial Claims of Mao Tse-tung: History and Modern Times. (Moscow, n.d.).
Kuhn, A. von, The Province of Ferganeh. Transl. by F. Henvey. (Simla, 1876).
Kuropatkin Col. A.N., Kashgaria. Historical and Geographical Sketch of the Country, its Military Strength, Industries and Trade. Translated by Walter E. Gowan. (Calcutta, 1882).
Kuropatkin Col. A.N., Les Confins Anglo-Russes dans l’Asie Centrale. (From the Russian). (Paris. 1885).
Lal M., Journal of a Tour through the Penjab, Afghanistan, Turkestan. Khorasan and Part of Persia. (Calcutta. 1834).
Lal M., Life of the Amir Dost Muhammed Khan of Kabul. 2 vols. (London, 1846).
Lamb A., Britain and Chinese Central Asia. The Road to Lhasa, 1767-1905. (London, 1960).
Lamb A., Asian Frontiers: Studies in a Continuing Problem. (New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 1968).
Lansdell H.D.D., Russian Central Asia including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv. Vol. 1, 2. (London. 1885): reprint – (New York: Arno Press & New York Times. 1970).
Lansdell H.D.D., Through Central Asia: with an Appendix on the Russo-Afghan Frontier. (London, 1887).
Lansdell H.D.D., Chinese Central Asia. Vol. 1,2. (London, 1893).
Lamer J., Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World. (Yale: University Press. 1999).
“Late Resident at Bhagulpore”, The Dangers of British India from French Invasion. (London. 1808).
Lattimore O., High Tartary. (London. 1940). 2nd ed. (New York: AMS Press, 1975).
Lattimore O. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. American Geographical Society. Research Series. No. 21. (New York: American Geographical Society, 1940).
Lattimore O., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1950).
Lattimore O., Studies in Frontier History. Collected Papers. 1928-1959. (Paris. 1962).
Lawrence Sir G., Forty-three Years in India. (London, 1874).
Lebedev V.T., Vers l’Inde. (Paris, 1900).
Lederer I. (Ed.,) Russian Foreign Policy: Essays in Historical Perspective. (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1962).
LeDonne J.P., The Russian Empire and the World. 1700-1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. (New York. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Lehautcourt P., La Russie et l’invasion de l’Inde. (Paris: H. Charles Lavauzelle, 1892).
Lelewel J., Géographie du Moyen Age. Atlas. (Bruxelles, 1850).
Lessar P., La Russie et l’Angleterre dans l’Asie Centrale. (St Petersburg. 1886): also: (Paris: Libraire Militaire de L. Baudouin & Co., 1886).
Littledale St.G., “A Journey Across the Pamir from North to South”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (New Series). Vol. XIV. (1892): 1-35.
Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince André, Russia and Asia. (New York, 1933). (2nd Ed. 1951).
Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince André, Russia and Europe 1789-1825. (Michigan, 1947).
Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince André. Russia and Europe 1825-1878. (Ann Arbor, 1954).
Lockhart Col. William, Woodthorpe R.G., Confidential Report of the Gilgit Mission. 1885-1886. (London, 1889).
Lybyer A.H., “The Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia”. Handbook of the diplomatic history of Europe. Asia and Africa. 1870-1914. By F.H. Anderson and A.S. Hersey, (Washington. 1918).
Lyons G., Afghanistan: the buffer state: Great Britain and the Russia in Central Asia: a comprehensive treatise on the entire Central Asian question with two maps specially prepared front the most recent information. (London; Madras: Luzac. 1910).
Macartney Lady, An English Lady in Chinese Turkestan. (Oxford. 1985).
Macartney Sir George, Eastern Turkistan: the Chinese as rulers over an alien race. (London, 1909).
MacGahan J.A., Campaign on the Oxus. (London, 1874).
MacGregor C.M. (Ed.), Central Asia: A Contribution Toward the Better Knowledge of the Topography, Ethnography, Statistics, and History of the North-West Frontier of British India. 3 parts. (London. 1871-1873).
MacGregor Col. C.M., Narrative of a Journey through the Provinces of Khorassan and on the NW. Frontier of Afghanistan in 1875. 2 vols. (London. 1979).
MacGregor Gen. Sir Charles Metcalfe, The Defence of India. (Simla, 1884).
MacGregor Lady (Ed.), The Life and Opinions of Major-General Sir Charles MacGregor. 2 vols. (Edinburgh. 1888).
MacKenzie D., Imperial Dreams, Harsh Realities, Tsarist Russian Foreign Policy, 1815-1917. (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994).
MacKenzie D., “Kaufman of Turkestan: An Assessment of His Administration 1867-1881”. Slavic Review. 26.2. (1967): 265-285.
MacKenzie D., “Turkestan’s Significance to Russia (1850-1917)”. Russian Review. 33. 2. (1974): 167-188.
MacMurray John van A., Treaties and Agreements With and Concerning China. 1894-1911. 2 vols. (Washington, 1921).
Macrory Sir Patrick, Signal Catastrophe. The Story of the Disastrous Retreat from Kabul, 1842. (London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1956).
Malleson Col. G.B., History of Afghanistan. (London. 1878).
Malleson Col. G.B., The Russo-Afghan Question and the Invasion of India. 2d ed (London. 1885).
Markham Sir Clements Robert, Memoir on the Indian Surveys (2nd ed). (London. 1878).
Marriott J.A.R., Anglo-Russian Relations, 1689-1943. (London. l944).
Martens M.F. de, La Russie et l’Angleterre dans l’Asie Centrale. (Gand, 1879).
Marvin C. (Trans. and ed.), Colonel Grodekoff’s Ride from Samarkand to Herat. (London, 1880).
Marvin C., Reconnoitring Central Asia.(London, 1884).
Marvin C., The Russian Advance towards India; conversation with Skobeleff, Ignatieff (London, 1882).
Marvin C., The Russians at Merv and Herat and their Power of Invading India. (London, 1883).
Marvin C., The Russian Railway to Herat and India. (London. 1883).
Marvin C., The Russians at the Gates of Herat. (London; New York: Frederick Warne, 1885).
Maxwell, Col. Leigh, My God – Maiwand! Operations of the South Afghanistan Field Force, 1878-80. (London, 1979).
Mayer S.R., Afghanistan. Its Political and Military History … and an Appendix on the Prospects of a Russian Invasion of India. (London. 1879).
Mayers W.F., Treaties between the Empire of China and the Foreign Powers Together with Regulations for the Conduct of Foreign Trade. Conventions. Agreements, Regulations, etc. 5th ed. (Shanghai: North China Herald, 1906).
M’Crindle J.W., The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, as described by Arrian, Q.Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin. Being Translations of such portions of the Works of these and other Classical Authors as describe Alexander’s Campaigns in Afghanistan the Punjab, Sindh, Gedrosia and Karmania. With an introduction containing a Life of Alexander, copious Notes, Illustrations, Maps and Indexes by L.M. M’Crindle (New Delhi: “Cosmo Publications”, 1983). First Published in 1898.
McLachlan K., Whittaker W., A Bibliography of Afghanistan. a working bibliography of materials on Afghanistan with special reference to economic and social change in the twentieth century. (Cambridge: Middle East & North African Studies Press. 1983).
McNeal R.N., Tsar and Cossack, 1855-1914. (London, 1987).
Mehra P., The Younghusband Expedition. An Interpretation. (London, 1968).
Menon K.S., The “Russian Bogey” and British Aggression in India and Beyond. (Calcutta, 1957).
Meyendorff, Baron Alexandre (Ed.), Correspondence Diplomatique de M. de Staal. 2 vols. (Paris, 1929).
Meyendorff Freiherr G. von, Voyage d’Orenbourg à Boukhara, fait en 1820. (Paris, 1826).
Meyer K.E., Brysac S.B., Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. (Counterpoint Washington, D.C.: A Cornelia and Michael Bessie Book. 1999).
Michell I., Michell R., The Russians in Central Asia, their Occupation of the Kirghiz Steppe and the Line of the Syrdaria; their Political Relations with Khiva. Bokhara, and Kokan; also Descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria. By Captain Valikhanoff, M. Venukof, and other Russian Travellers. Tr. from Russian. (London, 1865).
Michell R., Eastern Turkistan and Dzungaria and the Rebellion of Tungans and Taranchis 1862-1866. (London. 1871).
Michell R., “The Russian Expedition to the Alai and Pamir”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLII. (1877): 17-47; Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XXI. (1877): 122-140.
Michell R., “M. Severtsoff’s Journey in Ferghana and the Pamir in 1877-78”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (New Series). Vol. II. (1880): 499-506.
Michell R., “The Regions of the Upper Oxus”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (New Series). Vol. VI. (1884): 489-510.
Michell R., “Ancient Imans, or Bam-i-Dunia”. Scottish Geographical Magazine. Vol. VIII. (1892): 591-605; 643-654.
Miller C., Khyber. British India’s North-West Frontier. (London, 1977).
Mollesworth W.N., The History of England from the year 1830-1874. Vol. 1-2. (London. 1880).
Molloy E., A Narrative of Tungani Insurrection in Eastern Turkistan in 1863. (Calcutta. 1874).
Montgomery, Major T.G., “A Havildar’s Journey through Chitral to Faizabad in 1870”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLII. (1872): 180.
Montgomery, Major T.G., “Report of [The Mirza’s] Exploration from Cabul to Kashgar”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLI. (1871): 132-193.
Montgomery T.G., Memoranda on the progress of the trigonometrical survey in Kashmir; [Selections from the Public correspondence of the Administration for the affairs of the Panjab. V (1861). No. 7].
Montgomery T.G., “On the Geographical Position of Yarkund, and some other places in Central Asia”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XXXVI. (l866); 157.
Moorcroft W., Trebeck G., Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindoostan and the Punjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir; in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825. 2 vols. Ed. by H.H. Wilson. (London. 1841). [Reprinted Delhi. 1971 and, with an introduction by G. Alder, Karachi, 1979].
Morgan E.D., “The Alai Expedition, led by Major-General Skobelef, Commanding the Troops in the Ferganah Region. 1876”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLVII (1877): 22-47; Vol. XLVIII (1878).
Morgan E.D., “The Russian Pamir Expedition of 1883”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society (New Series). Vol. VI (1884): 135-142.
Morgan E.D., “Notes on the Recent Geography of Central Asia from Russian Sources” Supplementary Papers of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. I. Pt. II. (1884): 203-263.
Morgan E.D., “The Pamir: A geographical and Political Sketch”. The Scottish Geographical Magazine. Vol. VIII. (Edinburgh. 1892): 12-23.
Morgan G., Ney Elias. Explorer and Envoy Extraordinary. (London. 1971).
Morgan G., “Myth and Reality in the Great Game”. Asian Affairs. 60 (1973).
Morgan G., Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810-1895. (London: Frank Cass, 1981).
Morrell J.R., Russia and England. Their Strength and Weakness. (New York, I 854).
Morison J.L., From Alexander Burnes to Frederick Roberts. A Survey of Imperial Frontier History. Raleigh Lecture. (London. 1936).
Morse H.B., The International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Submission 1861-1893. Vol. 2. (Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1918).
Munawwar K., Anglo-Afghan Relations: 1798-1878. A Chapter in the Great Game in Central Asia. (Peshawar, 1964).
Munshi, Mir Sultan Mahomed Khan (Ed.), The Life of Abdur Rahman: Amir of Afghanistan. 2 vols., (London, 1900).
Muraviev N., Journey to Khiva through the Turkoman Country, 1819-20. (Calcutta. 1871).
Murray H., Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Asia. 3 vols. (Edinburgh. 1820).
Narain A.K., The Indo-Greeks. (London, 1957; reissued 1980).
Nazaroff, Eversmann, Jakovlew, Mouraview Capt., Russian Missions into the Interior of Asia. 1. Nazaroff’s Expedition to Kokand. 2. Eversmann and Jakovlew’s Account of Buchara. 3. Captain Muraviev’s Embassy to Turkomania and Chiva (London, 1823).
Nevill Capt. H.L., Campaigns on the North-West Frontier. (London. 1912).
North Lt.-Col. Roger E., The Literature of the North-West Frontier of India A Select Bibliography. (Peshawar, 1945).
Norins M.R., Gateway to Asia. Sin Kiang Frontier of the Chinese Far West. (New York, 1944).
Norris J.A., The First Afghan War, 1838-1842. (Cambridge. England: Cambridge University Press. 1967).
O’Connor Sir Frederick, On the Frontier and Beyond. (London. 1931).
O.K. [Mme Olga Novikoff]. Russia and England, from 1876-1880. (London. 1880).
Olszewicz B., General Bronislaw Grabczewski polski badacz Azji Srodkowej (1855-1926). (Poznan, 1927).
Olufsen Lieutenant Ole, “Danish Expedition of 1896 to the Pamirs”. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (Proceedings of the Berlin Geographical Society). No. 6. (1897).
Olufsen Lieutenant Ole, “Danish Expedition of 1896 to the Pamirs”. Geografisk Tidskrift (Geographical Magazine), No. 3-4. (Copenhagen, 1897).
The Oxford Survey of the British Empire. Vol. II. (London, 1914).
Paine S.C.M., Imperial Rivals: Russia, China and Their Disputed Frontier 1858-1924.(New York. 1996).
Pal D., The Administration of Sir John Lawrence in India. 1864-1869. (Simla, 1952).
Palat C., “L’Inde et la question anglo-russe. Etude géographique, historique et militaire”. (Extrait de la Revue Militaire Universelle). (Paris: Henri Charles Lauvazelle, 1895).
Panikkar K.M., Asia and the Western dominance. A survey of the Vasco de Gama epoch of Asian history 1498-1954. (London. 1954).
Paquier J.B., Le Pamir: étude de géographie physique et historique sur l’Asie Centrale. (Paris, 1876).
Paquier J.B., “Pamir et Kashgarie”. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. Juin (1877): 605-620: Dec. (1877): 581-601.
Paquier J.B., L’Asie Centrale à vol d’Oiseau. (Paris, 1876).
Parker W.H., An Historical Geography of Russia. (London, 1968).
Parliamentary Papers: “Russian Agents in Persia and Afghanistan”. Vol. 40. (London, 1839).
Pavlovsky M.N., Chinese-Russian Relations. (New York, 1949).
Pearse H., Soldier and Traveller. Memories of Alexander Gardiner. (London. 1908).
Philips C., The East India Company 1784-1834. (Manchester, 1940).
Phillimore R.H., Historical Records of the Survey of India. 4 vols. (Dehra Dun. 1945-1958).
Pierce R.A., Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule. (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1960).
Pierce R.A., Soviet Central Asia: A Bibliography. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966).
Popowski J., The Rival Powers in Central Asia, or the struggle between England and Russia in the East. Translated by Arthur Baring Braband. Edited y Charles E.D. Black. (Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1893).
Postnikov A., “Cartography and Boundary-Making on the Pamir (Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries)”. Terrae Incognitae. Volume 30 (1998): 72-93.
Potagos Dr. P., Dix Années de Voyages dans l’Asie Centrale et l’Afrique Equatoriale. (Paris, 1885).
Potiemkine V. (Ed.), Histoire de la Diplomatie. (Trs. from История дипломатии) (Paris. 1946).
Prasad B., The foundations of India’s foreign policy. Vol. 1. 1860-1882. (Bombay–Calcutta-Madras, 1955).
Prescott J.R.V., Map of Mainland Asia by Treaty. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1975).
Prioux A., Les Russes dans l’Asie Centrale. (Paris. 1886).
Pritchard I.T., The Administration of India from 1859-1868. 2 vols. (London, 1869).
A Provocative Sally of Peking Authorities, Events on the Soviet-Chinese Border. (Moscow. 1969).
Pulling F.S., Life and Speeches of the Marquis of Salisbury. 2 vols. (London, 1885).
Pumpelly R. (Ed.), Explorations in Turkestan. (Washington. D.C., 1908).
Quested R.K.I., The Expansion of Russia in East Asia. 1857-1860. (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968).
Quested R.K.I., Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History. (Sydney: George Allen & Unwin. 1984).
Rahman A., The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan. ed, Sultan Mahomed Khan. 2 vols. (London. 1900).
Ragsdale H., Imperial Russian Foreign Policy. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Ram R., Politics of Central Asia. (Delhi-London, 1973).
Ramm A. (Ed.), The Political Correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville. (Camden 3rd Series. Vol. LXXXII. 1952).
Ramm A., Sir Robert Morier. (London, 1973).
Rastogi R.S., Indo-Afghan relations. 1880-1900. (Lucknow. India: Nav-jyoti, 1965).
Ravenstein E.G., Map of Turkistan comprising the countries between the Caspian and British India. (London, 1873). Sheet from The Illustrated London News. March 15th. (1873).
Raverty, Major H.G., Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan: Geographical. Ethnographical and Historical. (London, 1880.
Raverty, Major H.G., Muscovite proceedings on the Afghan frontier. (London. 1885).
Rawlinson Sir Henry C., “Monograph on the Oxus”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLII. (1872): 482.
Rawlinson Sip Henry C., “On Badakshan and Wakhan”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XVII. (1873): l08.
Rawlinson Sir Henry C., “Review of Yule’s Marco Polo”. Edinburgh Review. January. 1872.
Rawlinson Sir Henry C., “The Pamir Region”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. X. (1866): 134.
Rawlinson Sir Henry C., England and Russia in the East: A series of Papers on the Political and Geographical Condition of Central Asia. (London: John Murray 1875).
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., “The Road to Merv”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XXI. (1877): 69.
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., “Notes on the Oxus”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XX. (1876).
Rawlinson Canon G., A Memoir of Major General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson. (London, 1898).
Reclus E.J.J., “L’Asie Centrale”. Nouvelle Géographie Universelle. La Terre et les Hommes. Vol. VI (Paris, 1875-1881).
Rémusat Abel, Klaproth Julius von, Landresse C., Foue-Koue-Ki ou Relation des Royaumes Bouddhiques. (Paris, 1836).
Riasanovsky N.V., A History of Russia. (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1984.
Richards D.S., The Savage frontier: a history of the Anglo-Afghan Wars. (London: Macmillan. 1990).
Ritchie G.B., The Asiatic Department during the Reign of Alexander II. 1855-1881. (Ph. D. diss.) Colombia University, 1970.
Ritter Carl, Erdkunde. Vol. VII. (Berlin, 1837).
Robbins R.G., The Tsar’s Viceroys. Russian Provincial Governors in the Last Years of the Empire. (Ithaca. NY. 1987).
Roberts Field Marshal Lord Frederick S., Is An Invasion of India Possible? Confidential Report. (Madras, 1883).
Roberts Field Marshal Lord Frederick S., Forty-One Years in India, from subaltern to commander-in-chief. 2 vols. (London, 1897).
Roberts C.G.D., Discoveries and Explorations in the Century. (London. 1906).
Roberts P.E., History of British India. Under the Company and the Crown. (London, 1921).
Robson B., The Road to Kabul. The Second Afghan War, 1878-1881. (London, 1986).
Rodenbough, Brig. T.F. (US Army), Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute. (New York, 1885).
Romanovski M., Notes on the Central Asian Question. (From the Russian). (Calcutta, 1870).
Ronaldshay Earl of, The life of Lord Curzon. Vol. 1-2. (London, 1927).
Rouire Dr. A.M.F., La rivalité anglo-russe au 19ème siècle en Asie. (Golfe Persique, frontière de l’Inde). (Paris: A. Colin, 1908).
Russell R., India’s Danger and England’s Duty with reference to Russia’s advance into the territory in dispute upon the borders of Afghanistan. (London: Ward Lock. 1885).
Rywkin M., Russia in Central Asia. (New York: Collier Books, 1963).
Rywkin M. (Ed.), Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917. (London: Mansell Publishing, 1988).
Saint M.V. de. Mémoire Analytique sur la Carte de l’Asie Centrale et de l’Inde. (Paris, 1858).
Sale Lady F., Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan. (London. 1843).
Sale Lady F., The First Afghan war. (London: Longmans, 1869).
Schlagintweit H.A., Schlagintweit R. von, Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia 1854-1858.4 vols. (London; Leipzig, 1861-1866).
Schofield V., Every Rock, Every Hill. The Plain Tale of the North-West Frontier and Afghanistan. (London. 1984).
Schuyler E., Turkestan. Notes of a journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bukhara and Kuldja. 2 vols. (New York; London, 1876).
Schuyler J. (Compiler), Afghanistan. [World Bibliographical Series. vol. 135] (Oxford, England – Santa Barbara, California – Denver, Colorado: Clio Press, 1992).
Seaver G., Francis Younghusband., K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E. 1863-1942. Explorer and Mystic. (London, 1952).
The Second Afghan war. 1878-90, official account produced in Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India. Government of India Report. (London: John Murray, 1908).
Semenov P.P., Travels in the Tian’-Shan’ 1856-1857. Edited and annotated by Colin Thomas. Translated by Liudmila Gilmour, Colin Thomas and Marcus Wheeler (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1998).
Seton M.C.C., The India Office. (London. 1926).
Seton-Watson H., The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855-1914. (London, 1952).
Seton-Watson H., The Russian Empire, 1801-1977. (Oxford. 1967).
Seton-Watson R.W., Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question. A Study in Diplomacy and Politics. (London, 1935).
Shabad T., China’s Changing Map. (London, 1956).
Shadbolt S.H., The Afghan campaign of 1878-80, compiled from official and private sources. 2 Vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1882).
Shakespear, Sir Richmond, “A Personal Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Orenburg, on the Caspian, in 1840”. Blackwood’s Magazine. June 1842.
Shaw Robert B., Visits to High Tartary. Yarkand. and Kashghar, and the Return Journey over the Karakorum Pass. (London, 1871).
Shaw R.B., A History of the Khojas of Eastern Turkestan. Edited by N. Elias. (Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1897).
Sheenh, A., “Russia and China in the Pamirs: 18th and 19th Centuries”. Central Asian Review. Vol. XVI. No. 1. (1968): 4-14.
Showers, Maj.-Gen. C.L., The Central Asian Question, and the Massacre of the Cabul Embassy. (London, 1879).
Showers Maj.-Gen. C.L., The Cossack at the Gate of India. (London, 1885).
Shukla R.A., Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853-82. (Delhi, 1973).
Simond C., L’Afghanistan. Les Russes aux portes de l’Inde. (Paris: Lecène et Oudin, 1855).
Singhal D.P., India and Afghanistan, 1876-1907: a study in diplomatic relations. (St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland. 1963).
Skelton R.A., Explorers’ maps: Chapter in the Cartographical record of geographical discovery. (New York, 1970).
Skrine C.P., Chinese Central Asia. (New York-London, 1926).
Skrine C.P., Nightingale P., Macartney at Kashgar. New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918. (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1987).
Skrine F.H., Ross E.D., The Heart of Asia. A History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times. (London, 1899).
Smith R.B., Life of Lord Lawrence. 2 vols. (London, 1885).
Smith V.A., (Ed.) Oxford History of India. (Oxford, 1957) Pt. III Re-written by Percival Spear. Oxford, 1967).
Sobolev L.N., The Anglo-Afghan struggle, sketch of the war 1879-1880. 3 Vols. (St Petersburg, 1880-1882). Also (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1885).
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel, “A Chinese Expedition across the Pamirs and Hindu Kush, A.D. 747”. Geographical Journal. Vol. LIX. (1922): 112.
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel, “Innermost Asia: its Geography as a Factor in History”, Geographical Journal. Vol. LX.. (1925): 377 and 473.
Stein, Sir Mark Aurel, On Alexander’s Track to the Indus (London, 1929).
Stepniak Sergius M. [Stepniak-Kravchinskiy], The Russian Storm-Cloud. Russia in Her Relations to Neighbouring Countries. London. 1886.
Steveni W., Leitner Dr. G.W., Johnston C., and Capus G., “Pamirs and the Surrounding Countries”. (Articles). Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review, January, 1892.
Stewart, Sir D.M, The Second Afghan War, 1878-1880. (London, 1903).
Stirling E., Some Considerations on the Political State of the intermediary Countries between Persia and India with reference to the project of Russia marching an army through them. London. 1835).
Strong J.W., “The Ignatiev Mission to Khiva and Bukhara in 1858”. Canadian Slavic Papers. 17. 2-3. (1975): 236-259.
Stumm H., Russia’s Advance Eastward. (From the German) (London, 1874).
Stumm H., Russia in Central Asia. Historical sketch of Russia’s progress in the East up to 1873, and of the incidents which led to the campaigns against Khiva: with a description of the military districts of Caucasus, Orenburg and Turkestan. (From the German). Trans. into English by J.W. Ozanne and H. Sachs. (London, 1885).
Styles S., The Forbidden Frontiers. The Survey of India from 1765 to 1949. (London, 1970).
Sykes P., The Rt. Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand. (London, 1926).
Sykes Sir P.M., A History of Afghanistan. 2 vols. (London, 1940).
Tanner H.C.B. (Ed.), Secret and Confidential Reports of trans-Himalayan explorations in Badakhshan. (n.d.).
Tarn W.W., Holt F.L., The Greeks in Bactria & India. 3rd ed. (London, 1985).
Terentiev M.A., Russia and England in the Struggle for the Markets of Central Asia. 2 vols. Transl. F.C. Daukes, (Calcutta. 1876).
Terenzio P.-C., La rivalité anglo-russe en Perse et en Afghanistan jusqu’aux accords de 1907. (Paris: Arthur Rousseau. 1947).
Thorburn S.S., Asiatic Neighbours. (London: Blackwood. 1894).
Thornton A.P., “Afghanistan in Anglo-Russian Diplomacy, 1869-1873”. Cambridge Historical Journal. Vol. XI. (1953-1955): 204.
Thornton A.P., “The reopening of the Central Asian Question, 1864-1869”. History, XLI. (1956): 122.
Thornton E., A Gazeteer of the countries adjacent to India on the North-West. 2 vols. (London, 1844)
Tien-fong Cheng, [Formerly Minister of Education of the Republic of China]. A History of Sino-Russian Relations (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1975). [First published in 1957, Washington, D.C.]
Tikhvinsky S.L. (Ed.), Chapters from the History of Russo-Chinese Relations, 17th to 19th centuries. (From the Russian). (Moscow, 1985).
Tomaschek W., Centralasiatische Studien II: Pamir Dialecte. (Vienna, 1880).
Toynbee A.J., Between Oxus and Jumna (Oxford, 1961).
Trench Capt. F., The Russo-Indian Question, Historically, Strategically and Politically Considered. (London, 1869).
Trevelyan G.M., British history in the nineteenth century and after (1782-1919). 2nd ed. (London, 1937).
Trotter Capt. H.R.E., Secret and Confidential Reports on the Trans-Himalayan Explorations by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India During 1873-75 (Calcutta, 1876).
Trotter Capt. H.R.E., “On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashgar under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-76”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XLVIII. (1878): 173-234.
Tsai Ping-yuan, An Analytical Survey of Border Disputes Between Soviet Russia and Communist China. Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League. (Taipei, 1965).
Tung-li Y., Russo-Chinese Treaties and Agreements Relating to Sinkiang 1851 -1949. Sinkiang Collectanea No, 4 (Hong Kong, 1963).
Ujfalvy-Bourdon [Madame de]. La Tour du Monde. [Paris, 18781. Carte de l’Asie Centrale entre les possessions Russes et Anglaises.
Unger J. (Ed.), Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1933).
Urquhart D., England, France, Russia and Turkey (London, 1834).
Urquhart D., England and Russia (London, 1835).
Urquhart D., Progress and present position of Russia in the East (London, 1838).
Urquhart D., The Spirit of the East 2 vols. (London, 1839)
Urquhart D., Exposition of Transactions in Central Asia Through Which the Independence of States and the Affections of People, Barriers to the British Possessions in India, Have Been Sacrificed to Russia … by Palmerston. (London, 1840).
Urquhart D., The Progress of Russia in the West, North and South (London, 1853).
Valikhanoff Capt. C., Venuko M. et al., The Russians in Central Asia (Tr. by J. and R. Michell.) (London, 1865).
Vambéry A., Travels in Central Asia. Being the Account of a Journey from Teheran across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand. 2 vols. (London, 1864). Reprint by Bhavana Books & Prints. New Delhi, 1996.
Vambéry A., Chaghataische Sprachstudien (Pest, 1867, reprinted by Philo Press, Amster-dam, 1975).
Vambéry A., Sketches of Central Asia. Additional Chapters on My Travels, Adventures and on the Ethnology of Central Asia. (London, 1868).
Vambéry A., Central Asia and the Anglo-Russian frontier question: a series of political papers [Originally published in Unsere Zeit]. Trans. by F.E Bunett. (London. Smith, Elder, 1874)
Vambéry A., “The Russian Campaign in Khokand”. The Geographical Magazine Vol. III. No. 1, April. (1876): 85-89; Map of Kokand [Ferghana].
Vambéry A., Arminius Vambéry, His Life and Struggles. 2 vols. (London, 1883).
Vambéry A., The Coming Struggle for India. (London, 1885).
Vambéry A., “The Russian Advance in the Pamirs”. New Review (September. 1892).
Veniukoff M., “The Pamir and the Sources of the Amu-Daria”. (Tr. by J. Michell) Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XXXVI. (1866): 248-265.
Veniukoff M., “The Belors and their Country”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XXXVI (1866): 265-279.
Veniukoff M., “Additional Remarks on the Bolor Highland”. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society Vol. XIII. (1869). 342-351.
Veniukoff M.J., The Pamir and the sources of the Oxus (London, 1876).
Veniukoff M., Progress of Russia in Central Asia. (Stornikof, 1877).
Venuko M., Lerch P., Articles Trs. from Russian and German Sources. 2 Vols. (Govt. of India: 1863-1877).
Vernadsky G., A History of Russia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969).
Vernadsky G., Russian Historiography: A History (Belmont: Nordland Publishing, 1978).
Verrier A., Francis Younghusband and the Great Game. (London, 1991).
Volodarsky M., “The Russians in Afghanistan in the 1830s”. Central Asian Survey Vol. 3. No. 1. (1984): 63-86.
Voskressenski A.D., “Some Border Problems Unsolved”. New Time. No. 19. (1991) 26-27.
Voskressenski A.D., Sino-Soviet Border Relations: From Past to Present. Current Politics and Economics of Russia Vol. 3. No. 1/2. (1993): 125-132.
Voskressenski A.D., “Current Concepts of Sino-Russian Relations and frontier problems in Russia and China”. Central Asian Survey No. 13(3), (1994): 361-381.
Voskressenski A.D., “Concepts of Sino-Russian Relations: A critical Review of Chinese Historiography, 1980-1990”. Leeds East Asia Papers. No. 26. (Leeds, 1994).
Voskressenski A.D., The Difficult Border (New York: Nova Science, 1995).
Voskressenski A.D. The Sino-Russian St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881. Diplomatic History (New York. Nova Science, 1995).
Walker, General James Thomas, Account of the operations of the Great trigonometrical survey of India. (Dehra Doon: India Great trigonometrical Survey, 1870-1906)
Walker J.T., Article on Oxus in the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (Edinburgh, 1885).
Waller D., The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia (Lexington, Kentucky; 1990).
Walsh, W.B., “The Imperial Russian General Staff and India: A footnote to Diplomatic History”. Russian Review Vol. XVI. No. 2. (1957): 53.
Ward A.W., Gooch G.P. (Eds.), Cambridge history of British foreign policy, 1785-1919 3 Vols (Cambridge: the University Press, 1922-1933).
Watson F., The Frontiers of China (New York: Praeger, 1966).
Webster Sir Charles, Foreign policy of Viscount Palmerston 1830-41. 2 Vols. (London: Bell, 1951).
Weekes, R.V. (Ed), Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey (London, 1978).
Wegener A. von, Versuch einer Orographie des Kuen Lun (Marburg, 1891)
Weigh Ken-sheng, Russo-Chinese Diplomacy (Shanghai, 1928).
Wessels C., Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia (London, 1924).
Westmacott Capt. G.E., Indian Commerce and Russian Intrigue (London, 1838).
Wheeler J.T., Memorandum on Afghan-Turkistan. (Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1869).
Wheeler S.E., The Ameer Abdur Rahman (London: Bliss, Sands and Foster, 1895).
Wheeler G., The Peoples of Soviet Central Asia (London, 1966).
Whittel G., Central Asia: The Practical Handbook (London: Cadogan Books Ltd., 1993)
Wieczynski J.L., “Toward a Frontier Theory of Early Russian History”. Russian Review 33. 3. (1974): 284-295
Wilson H.H. (Comp), Travels in the Himalayan province of Hindustan and the Pendjab, in Ladack, and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara, by William Moorecroft and George Trebeck from 1819 to 1825, prepared for the press from original journals and correspondence by Horace Hayman Wilson. (London, 1841).
Wisely G.A., Table of Distances in Russia, Central Asia and India (London, 1885).
Wolff J., A narrative of a mission to Bokhara in the years 1843-1845. 2 vols. (Edinburgh-London, 1848)
Wood Captain John, I.N., A personal Narrative of a Journey to the Source of the River Oxus by the Route of the Indus, Kabul, and Badakhshan in 1836. 1837. I838 (London, 1841).
Wood J., Journey to the source of the river Oxus. By Captain John Wood. New edition, ed. by his son. With an Essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Colonel H. Yule. (London, 1872). (Reprinted with Introduction by Geoffrey Wheeler 1976)
Woodman D., Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British. Chinese, Indian and Russian Rivalries. (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1969).
Woodruff P., The Men who ruled India. 2 Vols. (London. 1954).
Woodward L., Oxford History of England, The Age of Reform 1815-70. (London, 1962).
Yapp M.E., Strategies of British India, Britain, Iran and Afghanistan. 1798-1850. (The Clarendon Press / Oxford University Press. N.Y., 1980).
Yasenev V., Kruchinin A., “The Truth about Territorial Division between Russia and China”. Far Eastern Affairs. No. 3 (1980): 150-164.
Yate Maj. C.E., Northern Afghanistan: Letters from the Boundary Commission (London, 1888).
Younghusband Sir Francis Edward, Confidential Report of a Mission to the Northern Frontier of Kashmir in 1889. (Calcutta, 1890).
Younghusband Sir Francis Edward, Précis of Papers regarding the Upper Oxus Boundary. (Calcutta. 1890).
Younghusband Col. Sir Francis Edward, The Heart of a Continent: A Narrative of Travels in Manchuria, across the Gobi Desert, through the Himalayas, the Pamirs, and Hunza 1884-1894. 2nd edit. (London: John Murray. 1897). Revised edn. (London, 1937). New edn. (London, 1985).
Younghusband Col. Sir Francis Edward, India and Tibet. (London, 1910).
Yugai R.L., “Ivan Vasilievitch Mushketov 1850-1902”. Geographers: Bibliographical Studies. 7. (1983): 89-91.
Yugai R.L., “Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko 1844-1873”. Geographers: Bibliographical Studies. 8. (1984): 35-38.
Yule Sir H., Cathay and the Way Thither. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1866).
Yule Sir H., The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly Translated and Edited, with Notes &c. Vol. 1-2. (London, 1871: 1872).
Yule Sir H., Notes on H.T.’s Account of the Principalities of Takharistan. ([London], 1872).
Yule Sir H., “Papers connected with the Upper Oxus Regions”. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Vol. XLIII. (1878): 438.
Yule Sir H. (Ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. Revised by Henri Cordier. 4 vols. (London, 19 13-1916).
Yuldashbayeva F. Kh., “Relations between Britain, Russia and Afghanistan. 1872-1880” Abridged transl. (From Trudy SAGU. No. LXVIII). Central Asian Review. 6/2.(1958): 205-228.